Today’s topic deals with how time worked (by people/labor resources) is collected and accounted for on projects charged.
Organizations that manage by project, collect labor costs against projects via timecards. These organizations struggle with the rules/validations that need to be applied to this time collection process based on the following competing business requirements:
- Need for accurate time reporting for
- Paying employees what they are due
- Collecting true cost of doing work in order to allow for accurate estimating for future work
- Need for Time Costing for Revenue Accrual and Invoice Generation based on project contracting rules.
Labor Resource Classification
People who charge time to projects in any organization fall into 3 categories:
1. Exempt resources: these are typically full time employees of the organization who get paid a fixed salary and do not receive any additional compensation for Overtime worked.
2. Hours resources: these can be full time or contract labor that get paid by the hour and are eligible for additional compensation (time and a half or double time) for overtime worked.
3. Contingent or Contract workers who work as employees on projects. From a time accounting perspective these employees fall into one of the above two categories and are not considered separately for the purpose of this discussion.
Time Accounting for Hourly Resources
Hourly resources need to enter all time worked with the appropriate classification (Regular/Overtime) in order to get paid and also to record accurate costs to the project, including additional cost incurred for overtime pay. The need to record all hours for the purposes of accurate payment to the resource also serves an additional purpose of providing accurate expended effort for the purpose of future estimation.This then leaves the question of what is billable to the client. This wholly depends on the nature of the contract. The contract may demand that they be billed for all time at a standard bill rate (thereby reducing the margin to the project for overtime worked and paid) or even that no overtime be billed at all; in which case the project will need to absorb the overtime hours and their related costs.
The piece of time accounting for hourly resources that I have not addressed here are the additional complications introduced with Government and Union Regulations like prevailing wages. This is another topic for another day all together.
Time Accounting for Exempt Resources
It is in the best interest of the project organization to enforce policies that dictate that exempt employees record all time worked to the projects on which the work was performed. This provides two major soft benefits, one of which was discussed above: that of collecting accurate data for improving estimating algorithms for future work. The other benefit that can often be obscured is the visibility provided to management for the people consistently going above and beyond for their projects.Now let’s see the impact of project contracts on accounting for time of exempt resources. Contracts for project work typically come in two flavors:
1. Time and Material: Billings against these types of contracts typically bill for each time item charged to the project. Billings are dependent on using schedules of bill rates for specific people or specific classes of people. Such contracts may further limit the number of hours that are billable on a per day or week basis and hence the billability of time charged will need to be adjusted accordingly.
2. Cost Reimbursement: These contracts typically include terms for billings based on cost multipliers, cost + fixed hourly/daily/weekly fee or even a fixed/variable fee over total project cost which is reimbursed (as incurred) upto a specified cap. The application of multipliers or fees on cost can get complex but is relatively simple compared to trying to figure out how to determine cost of time charged.
The issues arise due to the need to accurately determine the exact cost of time charged and this can get tricky in the case of exempt resources who work for a fixed salary irrespective of the number of hours worked. If exempt resource charge more time than the standard (8 hrs/day or 40 hrs/week) hours, then the daily/weekly cost rate for the resources needs to be spread over all hours worked in order to derive the true cost time worked. This issue is further compounded when the same resources work on multiple projects: in this case cost determination needs to look at all hours charged across projects.
This concept of spreading periodic cost rate for an exempt resource over all time charged by the resource is called effective costing. Some of the challenges in accomplishing effective costing include identifying all time charged by a person for a given period across all projects charged. Another issue deals with late time. If some time for a period is charged late, it may result in the need for recalculating cost for all time charged in order to accommodate the new time charges.
One solution that some organizations use to workaround the challenges of effective costing is to limit the entry of hours to the standard hours only, i.e. 8 hours a day or 40 hours a week. This solves the problem but is not a good solution for all the reasons discussed above.
Standard v/s Actual Costing of Time
One major challenge that needs to be overcome by any organization that wants to operate on a project basis is determining which of the following costing method they would like to use determine cost rates for people resources.
1. Standard Costing: In using this method an average cost rate is derived for all resources in a particular resource classification (Job Category) and then used for all resources in that classification
2. Actual Costing: The actual cost rates for each individual are used for costing time. A variation of this is referred to as Payroll costing, where in the costs from actual payroll runs are distributed over time charged to projects to determine project costs. Payroll Costing has distinct disadvantages in terms of timeliness of cost collection, especially as payroll runs happen infrequently and this can delay reporting costs on the project.
The following table lays out some of the advantages and disadvantages of these two approaches towards time costing.
(Dis)Advantage
|
Std. Cost
|
Actual Cost
|
Comments
|
| 1. Accurate Cost Reporting |
X
|
X
|
Actual costing obviously provides the most accurate view of cost of time. The place where it falls short on is items like variable compensation elements like Bonuses. These items are paid occasionally and it is impossible to spread these costs over time charged in prior periods |
| 2. Labor Cost Security |
X
|
|
Standard Costing wins on this one as standard costing equates cost for all resources in a category. |
| 3. Ease of Estimating |
X
|
|
It is easier to estimate accurately with standard costing, especially when the exact resources are not known |
| 4. Cost Variance to Plan |
X
|
|
When std. costing is used for both planning and actuals, cost variance reflect planning deficiencies and are not based on cost rate variances. |
| 5. Dependency on Payroll |
|
X
|
Actual Costing may be dependent on Payroll runs in order to reflect the true cost of resources. |
These are some of the factors that can be used to decide on which approach to use and as is evident here, standard costing is preferred in most cases. The only time when users have no choice but to use actual costing is in very low margin industries like Engineering and construction where labor cost rates are known (due to prevailing and union rates) and the difference between standard and actual rates can actually wipe out the entire margin that a project may have planned for. Other times where actual costing may be mandated (almost) is when contracting with the government who typically provide you with Cost Reimbursement contracts and often audit your project costs to match your payroll. That’s it for now and remember:
There is no better way to manage a business than to Manage by Project.
PS: I welcome all comments / trackbacks / pingbacks / queries to my nascent venture here. I will try and respond to your comments, etc in future entries.